ExplainersWholesale
Who remits 911 charges when you buy wholesale VoIP
The state texts quoted in this guide, each linked to its source, name the provider or service supplier as the party that remits. One major wholesale carrier's published terms make the reseller responsible for compliance. Your own states' texts and your own agreement decide your case.
If you buy wholesale minutes, numbers, or origination from a larger carrier, it is fair to ask whether that carrier is already handling the 911 surcharge. Two separate things answer it, and only one of them is a contract.
The state texts quoted here put the remittance on the provider
Here is how 2 of the states this product covers put the remittance duty, in their own words, each linked to where it was read. In each, the provider or service supplier remits; the upstream carrier is not in those sentences. These quotes are not a survey of every state, and a state’s full text can carry exceptions a single sentence does not show. Your own states’ pages here carry their texts and sources, and those are the ones to read for your filings.
Alabama · Statewide 911 charge
“The provider shall remit the collected charges by the end of the calendar month following the month the provider received the charges from its subscribers.”
Kansas · 911 fee
“Each provider shall remit the amount of all 911 fees collected in each calendar month to the state 911 board not more than 15 days after the close of such calendar month.”
Where a state writes the duty this way, you register in your own name, receive your own filing frequency from the agency, and sign your own return. It is also why the archive matters: as the remitting provider you are the audited party, and the filing is yours to defend.
What one wholesale agreement says
One major wholesale carrier’s published terms are written the same way round. Bandwidth’s Reseller Services Agreement is one that anyone can open:
“Reseller is solely responsible for all pricing, billing and collections, and/or compliance with any applicable laws or regulations related to any services Reseller provides to its customers and/or End Users or any other person or entity to which Reseller provides any services.”
That is one carrier’s published terms, not every carrier’s. The agreement that governs your obligation is your own, and it is the document to read.
What would have to be true for a carrier to remit for you
A carrier remitting on your behalf would have to be registered with the state in a capacity that permits it, under whatever agent-of-record or aggregator regime that state operates. Those regimes are state-specific and carry their own registration and liability duties. California’s, for example, permits one written-authorized billing aggregator per supplier, filing a separate return for each (CDTFA — 18 CCR Reg. 2437, full text, retrieved Wed, August 12, 2026). That is a different product and a different set of duties. This one prepares, fills, calculates, reminds, and archives; you remit.
This page describes what the states publish and what this product does with it. It is not advice, it renders no judgment on any filing, and it makes no determination about which states are yours — that determination is the provider’s. Every state, shipped or named.